Charles F. Brush is considered one of the primary innovators of commercial lighting thanks to his arc lamps. An inventor and entrepreneur, he overcame both technical and social obstacles to provide the framework for a utility selling electricity from a central plant to multiple consumers.
Born in Ohio, Brush made his first static electric machine at 12 years old. In high school, he built his first arc light. At U-M. Brush earned a bachelor's degree in Mining Engineering, and went on to become an iron ore salesman. While he worked, Brush kept experimenting with electricity on his own, and built an improved dynamo. This hobby work turned out to be crucial for commerical lighting.
There was a lot of pushback against early electrical lighting - many oil industry investors feared that their demand would dry up, while others scoffed at the very notion of an oil alternative ever catching on.
Probably the biggest challenge, though, was swaying public opinion; many early adopters feared the bulbs and arc lamps because they were so bright that they hurt their eyes. As it turns out, many such customers would stare into the light sources for extended periods.
"One reason people stared was that they wondered where the light really came from," Benjamin Bailey noted in his memorial for Brush. "They thought there must be some trick to it - the light must come from oil, and where was the oil supply?"
Brush was responsible for many design improvements to early arc lamps, and produced patents for the design of, and electrical generators (dynamos) for, the lamps. His arc lamps were deemed superior to all existing versions in 1878 by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, and became the standard for many decades.
He installed the first electric light system in the United States in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879, and founded the Brush Electric Company in 1880. By 1881, his arc light systems could be found in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal, Buffalo, San Francisco, Cleveland and other cities, producing public light well into the 20th century. Brush's system was lighting Broadway two years before Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station, the first central power plant in the U.S., began lighting New York.
Arc lights are still used in applications that require an intense source, such as searchlights or projectors.
In addition to his accomplishments with the arc lamp, Brush built the first automatically operated wind turbine generator in 1888 to power his Cleveland mansion. It was the first home powered by electricity in Cleveland. He also pioneered the first piezo-electric featherweight stylus, improved the process for extracting oxygen from liquid air, developed a more efficient battery, and later in life, wrote papers about the theory of gravitation.
Brush earned many awards throughout his lifetime for the contributions he made to practical electric arc lighting systems. He received the Edison Medal in 1913, a year before Alexander Graham Bell, and 3 years before Nikola Tesla. He received the French Legion of Honor in 1881 in recognition of his electrical discoveries. He also received the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1899 for "the practical development of electric arc lighting," and in 1928, he received the Franklin Medal by the Franklin Institute.
He was a member of numerous professional societies, including the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciencies, the American Physicists Society, and the British Academy of Arts. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006.
Charles Brush established the Charles F. Brush Foundation for the Betterment of the Human Race with a $500,000 endowment. He was also chairman of the American Philosphical Society's fundraising campaign, so named shortly before his death.
The public's wariness of the new technology caused many obstacles, but Brush and others of the time managed to make electrical lighting a common commodity by the end of the 1880's.